Bonding and structure
Ionic, Covalent & Metallic Bonding
Ionic, covalent and metallic bonding, dot-and-cross diagrams, properties and how bonding type affects melting point and conductivity.
States of Matter & the Particle Model
The three states of matter, particle arrangements and forces, changing state, energy changes during melting and boiling, and state symbols in equations.
Atomic structure
Chemical changes
Acids, Bases & Titration
pH scale, acid-alkali neutralisation, strong vs weak acids, acid reactions and salt naming, and the titration method with concordant titres.
Electrolysis
Splitting ionic compounds using electricity - what electrolysis is, the molten aluminium oxide example, and rules for aqueous solutions.
Energy changes
Organic chemistry
Alkanes, Alkenes & Alcohols
Naming rules, alkane and alkene structures, alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters - functional groups, reactions, general formulae and the first four members of each family.
Addition & Condensation Polymers
Addition and condensation polymerisation, polyesters and polypeptides with worked equations, examples of common polymers, and disposal issues.
Crude Oil, Fractions & Combustion
Hydrocarbons and alkanes, fractional distillation column, cracking long-chain alkanes, complete and incomplete combustion, and atmospheric pollutants.
Rate and extent of chemical change
Rate of Reaction
What rate of reaction means, how to measure and calculate it, collision theory, the four factors that affect rate, and how catalysts work.
Reversible Reactions & Equilibrium
Reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle and how temperature, pressure and concentration shift equilibrium.
