2.8 - Nanoparticles

Uses and risks of nanoparticles

Nanoparticles have a very high surface area to volume ratio, meaning smaller quantities are often needed compared to bulk materials.

Uses of nanoparticles

• Catalysts - Far less material is needed to expose the same reactive surface area.
• Medicine - Nanoparticles are absorbed into the body more readily and can deliver drugs directly to target cells.
• Electronics - Used in miniature electrical circuits and computer chips because some conduct electricity efficiently.
• Cosmetics and sun creams - Titanium dioxide nanoparticles provide better UV protection and skin coverage without leaving a visible white mark.
• Antibacterial products - Silver nanoparticles have antibacterial properties and are added to wound dressings, surgical masks, and deodorants.
• Composite materials - Added to materials to make them stronger and lighter without significantly adding mass.

Risks of nanoparticles

• The long-term health and environmental effects are not yet fully understood.
• Their high reactivity and tiny size may allow them to:
  • Pass through the skin and enter the bloodstream, where they could damage cells in the body.
  • Cause lung damage or inflammation if inhaled.
  • Accumulate inside living organisms rather than breaking down safely.
  • Wash into waterways and damage aquatic ecosystems.
• Because these risks aren't fully known, products containing nanoparticles require careful safety testing and clear labelling.